Negative density dependence in the mortality and growth of tropical tree seedlings is strong, and primarily caused by fungal pathogens

Fungal pathogens are the dominant contributors to negative density dependence (NDD) among tropical tree seedlings, significantly impacting mortality and growth rates while also promoting species diversity. A decade-long study in Manu National Park, Peru, monitored seedling survival and growth, followed by a 31-month experiment manipulating natural enemies. Fungicide treatment reduced mortality, accelerated growth, and decreased species diversity, highlighting the critical role of fungal pathogens in maintaining tropical forest biodiversity. Other natural enemies had minimal effects on seedling performance.

Hazelwood, K., Beck, H., & Paine, C. E. T. (2021). Negative density dependence in the mortality and growth of tropical tree seedlings is strong, and primarily caused by fungal pathogens. Journal of Ecology, 109(4), 1909–1918. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13615