Green Urbanism in Medieval India, Agra Fort: A Sustainable Eco-City

Medieval Indian cities, including Agra Fort, demonstrated advanced green urbanism principles that outpaced modern urban settlements in sustainability and density. This study reveals how pre-modern technology cities thrived with efficient resource use, providing insights into historical eco-city design. By analyzing Agra Fort's development, the research reconstructs its sustainable practices—such as water management, vegetation integration, and spatial organization—that ensured long-term functionality without modern infrastructure. The approach combines archival analysis, spatial mapping, and comparative urban studies to uncover these adaptive strategies, offering lessons for contemporary urban planning in developing nations.

Zuberi, F. (2017). Green Urbanism in Medieval India, Agra Fort: A Sustainable Eco-City. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 37, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.009