Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology

Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impacts on cultural heritage, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study highlights its application in examining the deterioration of rock art, wall paintings, and archaeological objects due to atmospheric stressors like acid gases, organic compounds, and particulate matter. Key findings include the identification of protective oxalate layers in rock art from the Hoz de Vicente shelter (Spain) and the detection of degradation products such as magnetite and coquimbite in Pompeian wall paintings, revealing the role of SOx exposure. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize pigments like aerinite in Romanesque frescoes and copper carboxylates in medieval manuscripts, offering insights into historical material use and preservation challenges. The study also demonstrates the technique's utility in identifying synthetic pigments (e.g., verdigris) and organic varnishes, emphasizing its potential for non-invasive analysis of cultural heritage items.

Madariaga, J. M. (2010). Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 41(11), 1389–1393. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.2850