Quantitative Assessment of Sandstone Weathering Based on Multi-Data Combination of Nondestructive Testing in the Yungang Grottoes, China

A quantitative assessment of sandstone weathering at the Yungang Grottoes reveals significant variations in degradation patterns between two walls of Cave 10. Using nondestructive testing techniques—ultrasonic pulse velocity, Leeb hardness, X-ray fluorescence, and microscopic imaging—the study identified more severe weathering on the north wall of the Chanting Corridor compared to the west wall of the Front Chamber. Differences in sulfur and calcium content were attributed to distinct microenvironmental conditions. The findings provide a scientific basis for targeted conservation strategies, emphasizing the need for adaptive approaches to preserve this culturally significant site.

Hong, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, S., Cheng, Y., Yan, H., Du, Y., Wang, J., & Huang, J. (2026). Quantitative Assessment of Sandstone Weathering Based on Multi-Data Combination of Nondestructive Testing in the Yungang Grottoes, China. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2026.2615765