Benthic Foraminifera and Bithynia sp. Opercula as Indicators of Depositional Environment of Late Holocene in Eastern Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq

Research in the Ahwar of Southern Iraq reveals distinct depositional environments in the Late Holocene through analysis of benthic foraminifera and Bithynia sp. opercula distribution. Four zones were identified: Zone I indicates river flow dominance, while Zones II and IV reflect brackish marsh conditions influenced by river reintroduction or marine factors. Zone III shows clear marine influence, suggesting dynamic environmental shifts in the region. The study used sediment samples from three sites east of Hammar Marsh to reconstruct ancient environments, highlighting the interplay between freshwater and marine systems in shaping this UNESCO-listed landscape.

Isaa, B. (2024). Benthic Foraminifera and Bithynia sp. Opercula as Indicators of Depositional Environment of Late Holocene in Eastern Hammar Marsh, Southern Iraq. Kirkuk Journal of Science, 19(3), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.32894/kujss.2024.152718.1174