Qufu City and Confucian Architecture

Confucian architecture in Qufu, China, reflects the philosophical principle of Yin Yang balance and harmony, guiding its planning and design. The study examines Qufu, once the capital of the Lu state (1042–249 BCE), as a key example predating the Warring States period (475–221 BCE) that adheres to ancient Chinese city planning ideals outlined in the Record of Rites. The Temple of Confucius, along with the Kong Family Mansion and Cemetery—mostly dating from the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties—serves as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994. This research explores how these sites embody Confucian philosophy, particularly through architectural harmony, while also analyzing four modern Confucius-related structures: the Confucius Research Institute, Cultural Park, Six Arts City, and Museum.

Zhang, D. (2025). Qufu City and Confucian Architecture. Athens Journal of Architecture, 12(1), 69–112. https://doi.org/10.30958/aja.12-1-4