Mineralogy and chemical compositions of ancient slags from Volubilis archaeological site and Awam ancient mine (Morocco)

Ancient slags from the Roman-period archaeological site of Volubilis and the Awam mine in Morocco reveal evidence of sophisticated pyrometallurgical techniques. Analysis of six slag samples using optical microscopy, XRD, ICP-AES, and XRF identified iron oxi-hydroxide, quartz, pyroxene, and calcite, with bulk chemical compositions suggesting the refining of a homogeneous polymetallic ore, likely similar to that of Awam (rich in lead and silver). The minimal metal content in the slags indicates advanced metallurgical mastery during the 2nd–3rd centuries AD. This study provides insights into Roman-era mining and smelting practices, linking Volubilis to the Awam mine's mineralogical profile.

Hourri, F., Dekayir, A., & Makdoun, M. (2017). Mineralogy and chemical compositions of ancient slags from Volubilis archaeological site and Awam ancient mine (Morocco). STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research, 3(2), 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2018.1433269