The Development of Early Historic Urbanism in South Asia

Early Historic urbanism in South Asia, spanning from the 6th century BCE to the 3rd century CE, is characterized by complex polities, architectural advancements, and technological innovations. This phase of urban development, distinct from the earlier Mature Harappan phase, emerged from gradual socio-economic transformations during the Neolithic-Chalcolithic and Iron Age periods. The study identifies three phases: the 6th century BCE emergence of Janapadas with mixed monarchical and non-monarchical governance; the 300–100 BCE period marked by Mauryan expansion, trade proliferation, and Brahmi script usage; and the 100 BCE to 300 CE phase under Kushanas, Satavahanas, and other dynasties, featuring extensive construction, maritime trade, and Buddhist patronage. Technological advancements, such as iron use, coinage, and script development, along with long-distance trade, facilitated the rise of institutional religions like Buddhism and Jainism, contributing to social complexity and cultural flourishing.

Sawant, R. (2023). The Development of Early Historic Urbanism in South Asia. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.318