Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens

A significant positive influence of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and awareness of negative consequences on pro-environmental behavioral intention was found to predict conservation efforts for four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia—Jeddah, Mada’in Saleh, Diriyah, and Jubbah. The study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) through a survey of 2,342 local residents, achieving an 85.1% response rate. Structural analysis revealed that attitude significantly moderates the impact of awareness of negative consequences on pro-environmental intentions. Additionally, the research mapped the spatial distribution of archaeological sites in Saudi Arabia, providing insights into heritage conservation priorities.

Sulaiman Mohammed Alali, N., Abdel Azim Ahmed, T., & Sarhan Shaker, E. (2025). Spatial distribution of archeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the application of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental behavioral intention among Saudi citizens. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05309-6