Analysis of the Design and Stability of the Retaining Walls Built by the Incas

Inca retaining walls, constructed without mortar using granite rocks ranging from 10 cm to 2 meters, have remained stable for over 500 years due to frictional resistance exceeding soil pressures. This remarkable durability was analyzed under static and earthquake loads through field, theoretical, and numerical investigations, revealing the Incas' advanced understanding of sustainable engineering without cement. The study underscores the potential for applying this ancient technique to modern infrastructure challenges.

Vallejo Luis E., Fontanese Melissa, & Estrada Nicolas. (2015). Analysis of the Design and Stability of the Retaining Walls Built by the Incas. Integrating Innovations of Rock Mechanics. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-605-7-287