Political mosaics and networks: Tiwanaku expansion into the upper Desaguadero Valley, Bolivia

New evidence from four sites in the upper Desaguadero Valley, Bolivia, challenges the notion of Tiwanaku's continuous political control over its territory. Instead, it reveals a selective and fluid political influence characterized by shifting networks rooted in politico-religious relationships with riverine communities. This influence was aimed at gaining access to caravan circuits rather than maintaining direct control over a unified heartland. The study presents archaeological data that support this model of Tiwanaku's expansion, offering a nuanced understanding of its political organization and regional integration.

Smith, S. C., & Janusek, J. W. (2014). Political mosaics and networks: Tiwanaku expansion into the upper Desaguadero Valley, Bolivia. World Archaeology, 46(5), 681–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2014.953705