Ecological Security Under the SPMOR Paradigm: Spatiotemporal Assessment of Fanjingshan Region (2002–2022)

A spatiotemporal analysis of Fanjingshan, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Southwest China, reveals fluctuating ecological security trends from 2002 to 2022. The study introduces an extended SPMOR framework (State–Pressure–Modelling–Optimization–Response) to assess ecological security dynamically, using multi-source datasets and the CRITIC method to construct a grid-based Ecological Security Index (ESI). Findings indicate that while ESI peaked in 2012, it declined slightly by 2022, with persistent spatial clustering patterns. High-security zones remained concentrated in the core reserve, while low-security areas aligned with human activity corridors, suggesting both ecological restoration progress and rising development pressures. This approach offers a structured method for evaluating and managing mountainous protected regions sustainably.

Bao, R., Gao, Y., Yang, T., He, F., & Duan, Y. (2026). Ecological Security Under the SPMOR Paradigm: Spatiotemporal Assessment of Fanjingshan Region (2002–2022). Diversity, 18(7), 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/d18070394