Hydrochemical characterization of surface water in the Timgad watershed, East Algeria

Surface water quality in the Timgad watershed, Algeria, exhibits distinct hydrochemical facies influenced by anthropogenic sources and water–rock interactions. Two primary facies were identified: MgHCO₃ and MgSO₄, with significant spatio-temporal variations confirmed through ANOVA. Cluster analysis revealed two main groups at each of three sampling stations, indicating complex chemical dynamics driven by major ions (Mg, Ca, HCO₃, SO₄). The study underscores the impact of human activities on water chemistry in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering insights for conservation and management strategies.

Tiri, A., Lahbari, N., & Boudoukha, A. (2016). Hydrochemical characterization of surface water in the Timgad watershed, East Algeria. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(2), 562–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.972983