Multi-phased hypogene speleogenesis in a marginal horst structure of the Malé Karpaty Mountains, Slovakia

Research on the Plavecká jaskyňa Cave in Slovakia reveals multi-phased hypogene speleogenesis driven by ascending, sulfuric low-thermal waters along fault structures. The cave's morphology, characterized by phreatic chimneys, cupolas, and upward-oriented scallops, indicates complex interactions between deep-seated waters and Triassic carbonates. Isotopic analysis (O and C) of limestone bedrock confirms its interaction with hypogene water, while gypsum deposits and associated minerals (e.g., kaolinite, illite) further support sulfuric acid speleogenesis linked to hydrocarbon reservoirs in the adjacent Vienna Basin. Four subhorizontal passages reflect phases of erosion base level stabilization during the basin's subsidence. The study integrates morphological indicators, isotopic data, and mineralogical analysis to elucidate the cave's formation, offering insights into hypogene karst processes in marginal horst structures.

Bella, P., Bosák, P., Mikysek, P., Littva, J., Hercman, H., & Pawlak, J. (2019). Multi-phased hypogene speleogenesis in a marginal horst structure of the Malé Karpaty Mountains, Slovakia. International Journal of Speleology, 48(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.48.2.2265