Effects of black bear relocation on elk calf recruitment at Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Black bear relocation significantly improved elk calf recruitment and population growth at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. A study found that relocating bears from primary calving areas increased the annual calf recruitment rate from 0.306 to 0.544, leading to a positive population growth rate (λ = 1.118) over 25 years. Researchers monitored radiocollared elk and bears, comparing vital rates before and during bear relocation. The increase in population growth was primarily attributed to changes in calf recruitment, with behavioral adaptations of elk also likely contributing. This suggests that bear relocation can be an effective temporary management strategy for enhancing elk populations in areas where black bears are present.

Yarkovich, J., Clark, J. D., & Murrow, J. L. (2011). Effects of black bear relocation on elk calf recruitment at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 75(5), 1145–1154. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.149