Using Water Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, and pH to Characterize Surface–Groundwater Relations in a Shallow Ponds System (Doñana National Park, SW Spain)

Groundwater discharge significantly influences the thermal and chemical dynamics of shallow ponds in Doñana National Park, as revealed by a study analyzing water temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. The research demonstrated heterogeneous groundwater flow through pond sediments, particularly in Santa Olalla Pond, and quantified its role in surface-subsurface heat exchange using a heat transfer model. Conducted between 2016 and 2018 across two ponds—Santa Olalla and Dulce—the study integrated spatial measurements of temperature, pH, and EC to characterize groundwater-surface water interactions. Findings align with prior hydrological data, deepening the understanding of these ecologically critical systems within Spain's protected Doñana National Park.

Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M., Fernández-Ayuso, A., Hayashi, M., & Moral-Martos, F. (2018). Using Water Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, and pH to Characterize Surface–Groundwater Relations in a Shallow Ponds System (Doñana National Park, SW Spain). Water, 10(10), 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101406