The development of Hwaeomjong in Late Goryeo and Activities of Hwaeomjong Monks

Avalokiteśvara belief became central to Hwaeom practice during the 13th and 14th centuries, with monks like Chewon and Cheonhee systematizing its doctrine within the Hwaeom Sutra. This shift marked a transition from Ui-sang’s traditions, which were later adopted by the Seon sect after Cheonhee received authorization from Chan Master Linji in China. The study examines how Gyunyeo school monks, during the Mongol invasions, played a pivotal role in engraving and printing the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks, preserving early Hwaeom thought while distinguishing it from Uicheon criticism. Their efforts established Hwaeom as a leading sect in the Joseon period, though its definition became fragmented by the influence of later schools like Gyeongnam and Euichim.

Kang, H. (2025). The development of Hwaeomjong in Late Goryeo and Activities of Hwaeomjong Monks. The Journal of Korean Medieval History, 0(80), 59–87. https://doi.org/10.35863/jkmh.80.2