A pXRF In Situ Study of 16th–17th Century Fresco Paints from Sviyazhsk (Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation)

A groundbreaking analysis of 16th–17th century frescoes from the Assumption Cathedral in Sviyazhsk, Russia, reveals the intricate pigment recipes used by Russian artisans during Tsar Ivan IV's reign. Using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry, researchers identified distinct combinations of pigments, including slaked lime, antimony white, bone white, ochres, lead minerals, and rare earths like realgar and orpiment, which formed the basis for a wide range of colors. Statistical analysis highlighted key oxides such as CaO, Fe2O3, and PbO, shedding light on the mineral composition and craftsmanship techniques of the period. This study not only deciphers the chemical signatures of historical paints but also provides insights into the artistic practices and material culture of medieval Russia.

Khramchenkova, R., Ionescu, C., Sitdikov, A., Kaplan, P., Gál, Á., & Gareev, B. (2019). A pXRF In Situ Study of 16th–17th Century Fresco Paints from Sviyazhsk (Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation). Minerals, 9(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9020114