Early Asian Civilizations

A distinctive art style, identified by archaeologist Julio Tello in 1943, links stone, ceramics, and precious metals across highland Peru, tracing its origins to the Chavin de Huantar ceremonial center. This cultural mosaic reflects shared spiritual beliefs and dynamic exchanges between coastal and highland regions, as well as neighboring valleys and population centers. The study highlights the evolutionary pathways of Andean civilization, culminating in the Inka Empire, while noting the flourishing of sedentary villages along Peru's north coast. It also underscores the Middle Horizon (AD 600–1000), marked by monumental architecture at Tiwanaku, which exerted influence across Peru, signaling a shift from fishing to large-scale irrigation agriculture.

(Ed.). (2016). Early Asian Civilizations. Ancient Lives, 402–422. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642086-16