The landscape development of Saint Petersburg (1853–2003)

Saint Petersburg, renowned for its architectural beauty and designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, faces significant challenges to the preservation of its historical landscapes. A study analyzing landscape development from 1853 to 2003 reveals that modern urban planning has disrupted the city's compositional unity, particularly in central squares, green areas near landmarks like the Old Stock Exchange, and the Peter and Paul Fortress esplanade. These changes conflict with UNESCO criteria for heritage preservation. The research identifies key losses, such as the fragmentation of open spaces and encroachment by buildings, while proposing recommendations to restore lost value and improve urban harmony. This work underscores the tension between contemporary development and historical integrity in one of Europe's most culturally significant cities.

Lavrov, L., & Perov, F. (2015). The landscape development of Saint Petersburg (1853–2003). Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning, 168(5), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.15.00016