Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs

Rock reliefs from the Arsacid period, including prominent examples at Bisotun, Sar-e Pol-e Zohab, Tang-e Sarvak, Hung-e Azhdar, and Tang-e Butan, reveal intricate iconography and dress details that challenge traditional attributions to Parthian rulers. Analysis of these anepigraphic reliefs suggests some were likely created by Elymaean rulers, as confirmed by associated inscriptions. The study outlines their chronology while emphasizing the complexity of assigning authorship due to the lack of written records on most reliefs.

Kawami, T. S. (2013). Parthian and Elymaean Rock Reliefs. In (Editor), Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0039