Relational Cities Disrupted: Reflections on the Particular Geographies of COVID‐19 For Small But Global Urbanisation in Dublin, Ireland, and Luxembourg City, Luxembourg

Small but highly globalized cities, such as financial centers or hubs of politics and diplomacy, experience unique disruptions during crises like COVID-19. These cities, shaped by relational urbanization—where international connections drive growth through extraverted policies—face unprecedented challenges that reshape their development trajectories. A study analyzing Dublin, Ireland, and Luxembourg City reveals that while both cities thrived due to globalization, the pandemic's lockdowns have disrupted their 'old normal,' making a return unlikely. Instead, these cities may adapt toward greater state intervention in areas previously governed by markets, suggesting alternative geographies for their future growth.

Hesse, M., & Rafferty, M. (2020). Relational Cities Disrupted: Reflections on the Particular Geographies of COVID‐19 For Small But Global Urbanisation in Dublin, Ireland, and Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 111(3), 451–464. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12432