The conquest of the dark spaces: An experimental approach to lighting systems in Paleolithic caves

Experimental archeology reveals how Paleolithic humans conquered dark cave spaces using torches, fat lamps, and fireplaces, with distinct combustion residues that offer new clues to reconstructing ancient lighting practices. The study combines empirical observations and 3D GIS modeling of a Spanish cave (Atxurra) to estimate luminous conditions during Upper Paleolithic activities, providing insights into the evolution of symbolic behavior and social organization in underground environments.

Medina-Alcaide, M. Á., Garate, D., Intxaurbe, I., Sanchidrián, J. L., Rivero, O., Ferrier, C., Mesa, M. D., Pereña, J., & Líbano, I. (2021). The conquest of the dark spaces: An experimental approach to lighting systems in Paleolithic caves. Plos One, 16(6), e0250497. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250497