Deterioration of Sandstone in the Historical and Contemporary Sea Walls upon the Impact of the Natural and Man-Made Hazards

A rapid deterioration of porous calcarenite sandstone, known as 'kurkar,' was observed in contemporary sea walls along the pedestrian seashore zone of Acre, Israel, within a few years. The study identified that adhering kurkar siding with cement mortar and subsequent exposure to a humid, salt-enriched offshore environment with high air pollution were the primary causes of this deterioration. In contrast, historic walls built from dimensional kurkar stone remain structurally sound, suggesting that the construction method plays a significant role in the material's longevity.

Wasserman, R. (. (2021). Deterioration of Sandstone in the Historical and Contemporary Sea Walls upon the Impact of the Natural and Man-Made Hazards. Applied Sciences, 11(15), 6892. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156892