Physico-chemical, mineralogical, and technological characterization of stabilized clay bricks for restoration of Kasbah Ait Benhadou- Ouarzazate (south-east of Morocco)

Restoration of the Ksar of Ait Benhadou, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Morocco, requires compatible and sustainable earthen bricks to address deterioration caused by ageing. Research reveals that stabilized clay bricks, particularly those with high sand fractions, exhibit optimal compressive strength while maintaining low thermal conductivity—key properties for both structural integrity and thermal insulation. The study analyzed local clay samples using X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, identifying their mineral composition (clay minerals, calcite, quartz) and elemental content (rich in iron, aluminum, potassium). Stabilization with lime, cement, or straw was tested, showing that lime and straw reduce density and thermal conductivity, while high sand content enhances strength. These findings provide a scientific basis for selecting materials that balance durability and sustainability in heritage conservation.

Lechheb, M., Harrou, A., El Boukili, G., Azrour, M., Lahmar, A., El Ouahabi, M., & Gharibi, E. K. (2022). Physico-chemical, mineralogical, and technological characterization of stabilized clay bricks for restoration of Kasbah Ait Benhadou- Ouarzazate (south-east of Morocco). Materials Today: Proceedings, 58, 1229–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.459