Ice-Core Evidence of Earliest Extensive Copper Metallurgy in the Andes 2700 Years ago

A groundbreaking study reveals that extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes began around 2700 years ago, predating previous archaeological estimates. Analyzing a 138.7-meter ice core from Nevado Illimani in Bolivia, researchers used inductively coupled plasma-sector field-mass spectrometry to trace copper emissions, distinguishing between natural dust and anthropogenic sources. The findings indicate that the Chiripa and Chavin cultures were among the first to engage in large-scale copper smelting, with peaks in copper pollution aligning with later high Andean civilizations like the Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari, and Inca, as well as colonial and modern periods. This ice-core evidence provides the earliest comprehensive record of copper metallurgy in South America, offering new insights into the socioeconomic development of Andean cultures.

Eichler, A., Gramlich, G., Kellerhals, T., Tobler, L., Rehren, T., & Schwikowski, M. (2018). Ice-Core Evidence of Earliest Extensive Copper Metallurgy in the Andes 2700 Years ago. Chimia, 72(3), 152. https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2018.152