Utilization of res using seawater source heat pump with and without energy storage: Comparison of Thermal and Battery Energy Storage

A combination of wind and solar electricity generation with seawater heat pump systems can cover 67% of the energy load for Dubrovnik's Old City while significantly reducing CO2 emissions by 433.71 tonnes annually. The study found that integrating thermal energy storage with these renewable sources further optimizes system performance, cutting storage capacity requirements by up to 78% compared to solar-only systems and 60% for wind-only systems. However, battery energy storage, while more compact (40 times smaller in volume), incurs substantially higher investment costs and levelized cost of heat—13 times greater than thermal storage. The research highlights the potential of power-to-heat technologies in decarbonizing heating and cooling sectors, particularly in heritage-protected areas where outdoor infrastructure is restricted.

Falkoni, A., Soldo, V., Krajacic, G., Bupic, M., & Bertovic, I. (2020). Utilization of res using seawater source heat pump with and without energy storage: Comparison of Thermal and Battery Energy Storage. Thermal Science, 24(6 Part A), 3589–3600. https://doi.org/10.2298/tsci200324279f