The Archaeology of Ancient Japanese Gardens

Archaeological research on ancient Japanese gardens (4th–12th centuries AD) reveals their evolution from continental rectangular pond designs to uniquely asymmetrical, curvilinear styles. Key findings include the identification of early Asuka Period (538–710 AD) gardens with rectangular ponds—symbols of royal authority—and later Heian Period (794–1185 AD) gardens reflecting Buddhist beliefs and state functions. Plant remains indicate a mix of native and introduced species, while stone groupings, streams, and dry landscapes suggest early Nara Period (710–794 AD) origins. The study also highlights the role of retired emperors' gardens in the Toba Rikyū, blending imperial mausolea with mansions and temples.

Pearson, R. (2023). The Archaeology of Ancient Japanese Gardens. Asian Perspectives, 62(2), 202–244. https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2023.a909235