Integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Framework in Marine Protected Area Management: A Comparative Document Analysis of Tubbataha and Apo Reefs Natural Parks

A comparative analysis of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP), a UNESCO World Heritage site, and Apo Reef Natural Park (ARNP), on UNESCO’s tentative list, reveals that integrating an Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework significantly enhances marine protected area (MPA) management. The study highlights TRNP's superior governance structure and social engagement as key factors in its effective conservation outcomes compared to ARNP. Using document analysis, researchers evaluated policy documents, management plans, and stakeholder reports from both sites, identifying gaps and best practices. This approach underscores the importance of a holistic ESG framework in achieving sustainable marine conservation, offering valuable insights for other MPAs globally.

Enriquez, J. R., & Gamboa, V. R. (2025). Integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Framework in Marine Protected Area Management: A Comparative Document Analysis of Tubbataha and Apo Reefs Natural Parks. Wsf11, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025131007