CAMPESINATO E AGRICULTURA DE SUBSISTÊNCIA EM SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE: NOTAS PARA SE PENSAR DESENVOLVIMENTO E INCLUSÃO / Peasantry and subsistence agriculture in São Tomé and Príncipe: notes for thinking about development and inclusion / Campesinos y agricultura de subsistencia en Santo Tomé y Príncipe: notas para pensar sobre el desarrollo y la inclusión

São Tomé and Príncipe remains deeply entrenched in an agrarian-export economy, marked by subsistence agriculture that perpetuates rural poverty despite the decline of sugar as its dominant cash crop. While coffee and cocoa emerged as key exports in the 19th century, the archipelago has failed to diversify or industrialize, leaving its rural population dependent on a fragile market for survival. A field study in Monte Café (2018–2019) reveals how weak state capacity post-independence solidified this precarious model, with nearly all rural households trapped in poverty due to limited economic opportunities and underdeveloped infrastructure.

Santos, A. A. P. d., & Carvalho, J. G. d. (2021). CAMPESINATO E AGRICULTURA DE SUBSISTÊNCIA EM SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE: NOTAS PARA SE PENSAR DESENVOLVIMENTO E INCLUSÃO / Peasantry and subsistence agriculture in São Tomé and Príncipe: notes for thinking about development and inclusion / Campesinos y agricultura de subsistencia en Santo Tomé y Príncipe: notas para pensar sobre el desarrollo y la inclusión. Revista Nera, (58), 168–188. https://doi.org/10.47946/rnera.v0i58.7687