The Martyrdom of Mosques: Imagery and Iconoclasm in Modern Pakistan

The destruction of the Bamiyan Buddha statues by the Taliban in 2001 revealed complex dynamics of iconoclasm within Islam, challenging simplistic narratives about religious imagery. While some view iconoclasm as an inherent tradition, others argue it reflects political motivations and a nuanced understanding of image use—distinct from mere abhorrence. The study distinguishes between iconoclasm (selective destruction to prevent idol worship) and broader anti-imagery sentiment, emphasizing that images are not inherently condemned but controlled or redeployed for specific purposes. This includes non-visual forms like gestures, sounds, or symbolic representations. By analyzing historical precedents, such as the 7th–8th century Eastern Church's iconoclasm, the research underscores how Islamic practices engage with imagery in multifaceted ways, beyond binary oppositions of worship or rejection.

Khan, N. (2020). The Martyrdom of Mosques: Imagery and Iconoclasm in Modern Pakistan. Enchantments of Modernity, 372–401. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003071020-16