Analysis of Mortar Used in Sheesh Mahal Pond in Lahore Fort, Pakistan

Research on the mortar used in the Sheesh Mahal Pond of Lahore Fort, Pakistan, reveals a unique composition that reflects Mughal engineering practices during Emperor Shah Jahan's reign (1630-1658). The study found that the mortar was a variable mixture of burnt lime, phyllosilicates, and fine Ravi Sand. Notably, local kankar (a sedimentary rock) near Lahore was identified as a key component, consisting of 70% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 30% clay with sand impurities. The analysis further determined the optimal ratio for the mortar's durability: an average mixture of 1.0 part sand to 1.3 parts fine kankar and 1.5 parts coarse kankar. This study utilized qualitative, quantitative, mechanical, and instrumental techniques, including petrographic studies and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis, providing insights into the material science behind one of Pakistan's UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Kabir, N., & Hayat, K. (2016). Analysis of Mortar Used in Sheesh Mahal Pond in Lahore Fort, Pakistan. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 225, 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.027