Optimizing enforcement and compliance in offshore marine protected areas: a case study from Cocos Island, Costa Rica

Illegal fishing at Cocos Island National Park, Costa Ricafollows predictable spatial and temporal patterns, offering potential for optimized enforcement. Analysis of patrol records revealed that illegal activity is concentrated on a seamount within the park and peaks during the third quarter of each year, likely due to oceanographic conditions. The lunar cycle also significantly influences the timing of incursions, suggesting that patrol efforts could be strategically allocated to reduce costs while maintaining compliance. Repeat offenders are common, with unenforced regulations and weak governance potentially contributing to non-compliance. The study provides actionable recommendations for improving enforcement efficiency, governance, and policy design in marine protected areas, with broader applicability to other conservation challenges.

Arias, A., Pressey, R. L., Jones, R. E., Álvarez-Romero, J. G., & Cinner, J. E. (2014). Optimizing enforcement and compliance in offshore marine protected areas: a case study from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Oryx, 50(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000337