Picea rubensgrowth at high versus low elevations in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: evaluation by systems modeling

Red spruce (Picea rubens) growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is primarily constrained by air pollution at high elevations (1800–2000 m), while lower elevations (1450–1700 m) face challenges from photoinhibition, drought stress due to reduced precipitation and high evapotranspiration, and minor air pollution effects. The study employed the ARIM (annual radial increment model), a systems modeling approach that integrates multivariable factors to assess tree growth dynamics. This methodology quantifies complex interactions across disciplines, offering new insights for conservation policies in response to environmental changes, climate shifts, and pollution. The findings underscore the need for habitat-specific management strategies to sustain red spruce populations amid evolving ecological pressures.

Koo, K.-A., Patten, B. C., & Creed, I. F. (2011). Picea rubensgrowth at high versus low elevations in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: evaluation by systems modeling. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 41(5), 945–962. https://doi.org/10.1139/x10-243