Archaeometric analysis of ceramic production in Tiwanaku state ( c .500–1000 ce ): An exploratory study

A multi-elemental archaeometric analysis of seven ceramic fragments from the Tiwanaku state (c. 500–1000 CE) reveals distinct clay types, plant-based tempering, and sophisticated coloration techniques involving hematite, manganese oxides, gypsum, and clay mixtures. The study suggests advanced expertise in pottery production, including controlled firing temperatures and complex decision-making processes. By employing X-ray elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning microscopy, and light microscopy, researchers documented internal variances in Tiwanaku ceramics, offering new insights into ancient ceramic technology.

Ogalde, J. P., Korpisaari, A., Riera‐Soto, C., Arriaza, B., Paipa, C., Leyton, P., Campos‐Vallette, M., Lara, N., & Chacama, J. (2020). Archaeometric analysis of ceramic production in Tiwanaku state ( c .500–1000 ce ): An exploratory study. Archaeometry, 63(1), 53–67. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12597