Ingenieros y fortificaciones en La Florida española. El presidio de San Agustín: 1565-1821

Spanish engineers played a pivotal role in shaping the defenses and urban development of San Agustín, the capital of Spanish Florida from 1565 to 1821. This study reveals how the Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército, as the sole specialized body, designed fortifications and controlled territorial structures, extending beyond mere defense to influence city planning. Analyzing archival documents from Spain, Britain, and France, researchers examined the defensive features built between the 16th and 18th centuries, linking them to contemporary military treatises and theoretical foundations of engineering education. The findings highlight the engineers' dual responsibility for military strategy and urban development, offering new insights into the architectural evolution of a frontier society.

Llopis Verdú, J., Torres Barchino, A., Serra Lluch, J., & Piquer Cases, J. C. (2022). Ingenieros y fortificaciones en La Florida española. El presidio de San Agustín: 1565-1821. Gladius, 42, 123–143. https://doi.org/10.3989/gladius.2022.08