Analysis of 3D surveying and documentation modelling techniques of archaeological sites. Case study: Anjar citadel, Lebanon

A comparative analysis of 3D surveying techniques reveals that both terrestrial laser scanning and drone-based photogrammetry are highly effective for documenting archaeological sites, with integrated datasets offering the most precise results. The study, conducted at Anjar citadel in Lebanon, demonstrates that these technologies can significantly enhance archaeological investigations by providing detailed 3D maps, façades, and sections that aid in understanding construction techniques and phases. Accuracy assessments, using high-precision reference measurements, show minimal discrepancies, underscoring the reliability of these methods under specific environmental conditions. The findings provide practical guidance for integrating 3D surveying tools into archaeological research and site conservation efforts.

Issa, M., & Abboud, M. (2026). Analysis of 3D surveying and documentation modelling techniques of archaeological sites. Case study: Anjar citadel, Lebanon. Tourism and Heritage Journal, 7, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1344/thj.2025.7.8