Ancient genomes reveal complex genetic history of an international metropolis at Kublai Khan's Upper Capital (Xanadu)

Ancient genomic analysis of nine skeletons from the Zhenzishan cemetery near Xanadu, Kublai Khan's Upper Capital during the Yuan Dynasty, reveals a complex genetic landscape shaped by extensive population movements and exchanges. The study identified nine distinct maternal (mtDNA) haplotypes and eight paternal (Y-chromosome) haplogroups, indicating a high degree of genetic diversity among Xanadu's residents. Maternal lineages primarily traced back to East Asia with some western Eurasian influences, while paternal lineages showed the reverse pattern, suggesting significant gene flow across Eurasia during this period. This research provides crucial insights into the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating migration and admixture, contributing to our understanding of the genetic history of one of the most cosmopolitan cities of its time.

Li, J., Zhu, H., Wei, J., Cai, D., & Zhou, H. (2022). Ancient genomes reveal complex genetic history of an international metropolis at Kublai Khan’s Upper Capital (Xanadu). American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 178(4), 636–646. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24566