Groundwater Impact of Samarra city agriculture areas

Rising groundwater levels in Samarra Archaeological City significantly alter soil properties, with location 5 showing the highest humidity (79–84%) and pH (7.9–8.2) at depths of 15 and 30 cm, while location 1 exhibited the lowest values (14–17% humidity, 6.8–7 pH). Electrical conductivity (EC) and bicarbonate (HCO₃) concentrations were also elevated in location 4 (4.2 dS/m EC, 20–22 mL/L HCO₃), compared to lower values in location 1 (3.9–5 dS/m EC, 16–21 mL/L HCO₃). The study analyzed soil samples from five outskirts locations using FAO and APHA standard methods, revealing distinct spatial variations in soil properties linked to groundwater dynamics.

Al-Samarrai, Ghassan. F., & Khaleel, R. I. (2020). Groundwater Impact of Samarra city agriculture areas. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 928(2), 22076. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/2/022076