Uncovering genetic population structure in the Endangered northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes moseleyi) across islands in the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans

Northern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes moseleyi), classified as Endangered by the IUCN, exhibit distinct genetic populations across the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans with minimal migration between these regions. This study, the first comprehensive analysis of its kind, reveals that while penguin populations on islands within each ocean basin show no significant substructure, low but sufficient gene flow exists to prevent differentiation among them. However, variations in genetic diversity and inbreeding suggest some island populations may face higher risks of inbreeding depression. The findings underscore the need for two distinct conservation management units—one for each ocean basin—to preserve genetic diversity and address region-specific threats, including climate-driven changes. This research provides critical insights to enhance resilience strategies for this vulnerable species.

Ritchie-Parker, H., Ball, A., Glass, T., Costanzi, J.-M., Boulinier, T., Gamble, A., Ghazali, M., Keegan, K., Barbraud, C., Bost, C., Bost, C., Cleeland, J., Clessin, A., Connan, M., Delord, K., Dilley, B., Glass, T., Jones, C. W., Moore, P., et al. (2026). Uncovering genetic population structure in the Endangered northern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes moseleyi) across islands in the Southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. BMC Genomics, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-12487-9