The Complexities of Patronage

The mosaic program and column paintings of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem reveal complex patterns of medieval patronage, involving high-ranking figures such as Emperor Manuel Comnenus, King Amalric, Bishop Ralph, and the artist Ephraim. The study highlights a collaborative process where donations from Western pilgrims contributed to the embellishment of the church's nave over an extended period, demonstrating diverse forms of patronage in the Latin Kingdom during the 12th century.

Fishhof, G. (2023). The Complexities of Patronage. Shaping Identities in a Holy Land, 299–320. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003291657-7