The Byzantine (Early Christian) Period (313–640 C.E.)

Palestine underwent a dramatic transformation during the Byzantine period (313–640 C.E.), transitioning from a remote Roman province to a pivotal Christian center after Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity. This shift led to an influx of pilgrims, economic growth, and the construction of hundreds of religious sites, including the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem—a key pilgrimage destination built by Constantine. The study highlights how this period reshaped Palestine's landscape, with towns expanding and new settlements emerging, particularly around marginal areas like the Negev desert. Archaeological evidence from Byzantine remains across Palestine underscores the profound impact of Christianity on the region's development.

Magness, J. The Byzantine (Early Christian) Period (313–640 C.E.). The Archaeology of the HolyLand, 333–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139013833.017