Comparison of Horizontal Displacement from Horizontal Control Network Adjustment Result Using Observation Model and Time-Variant Methods (Case Study : Horizontal Control Network of Borobudur Temple, Epoch 2002, 2003 and 2012)

A comparative analysis of horizontal displacement at Borobudur Temple reveals significant differences between two geodetic adjustment methods. The study found that the least squares adjustment using an observation model with control point corrections showed substantial increases in displacement magnitude—averaging 7.97 mm (2002–2003) and 37.78 mm (2002–2012)—with consistent northwestward movement, while the time-variant method yielded smaller magnitudes but higher standard deviations (~0.5 mm). The time-variant approach also indicated a slight increase in displacement velocity (from 0.29 mm/year to 0.32 mm/year) with varying directions. These findings highlight the sensitivity of deformation analysis to adjustment techniques, underscoring the importance of precise control point modeling for accurate monitoring of heritage structures.

Isnaini, E. L., & Lestari, D. (2018). Comparison of Horizontal Displacement from Horizontal Control Network Adjustment Result Using Observation Model and Time-Variant Methods (Case Study : Horizontal Control Network of Borobudur Temple, Epoch 2002, 2003 and 2012). JGISE: Journal of Geospatial Information Science and Engineering, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jgise.38472