Publications
Auditory Experience Identification Through Soundscape Approach in Borobudur Temple
Research at Borobudur Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Central Java, reveals that the auditory environment significantly shapes visitor experiences. The study identifies key soundscape elements and their perceptual impact on visitors, using field measurements of sound intensity and adapted questionnaires based on ISO/TS 12913-2 standards. Findings highlight how acoustic attributes influence cultural perception, offering a foundation for soundscape management strategies to enhance visitor engagement while preserving the site's auditory heritage.
Design and Development of a Smart Tourism Mobile Application for Borobudur: A Pilot Study
A pilot study of a smart tourism mobile application for Borobudur Temple Compounds, a UNESCO World Heritage site, revealed significant usability flaws despite its potential to enhance visitor experience. The app, designed with interactive maps and informational features, was tested using predefined scenarios and evaluated against ISO 9241-11 standards. While basic information functions performed well, navigation errors and user frustration were high, indicating marginal usability (average SUS score of 62.9). This data-driven analysis highlights critical design shortcomings while offering actionable insights for iterative development in cultural heritage tourism technology.
The Effect of Service Quality and Heritage Tourism on Tourist Loyalty: The Case of Borobudur Temple
Tourist loyalty to Borobudur Temple is significantly influenced by service quality and price, with responsiveness and tangibles playing key roles. A study of 248 domestic and international visitors found that high satisfaction from responsive service and competitive pricing directly enhances loyalty. While communication quality impacts satisfaction, tangible elements like physical infrastructure are crucial for fostering long-term visitor attachment. These insights suggest that refining service delivery—particularly in responsiveness and price management—could boost Borobudur’s appeal as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, aligning with its potential to rival destinations like Angkor Wat.
Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis of Borobudur Temple Reviews Use Support Vector Machine Algorithm
An analysis of Borobudur Temple reviews reveals that accessibility and visual image are the most critical aspects needing improvement to enhance visitor satisfaction. Using Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, researchers identified these areas as having the highest concentration of negative sentiment, which could significantly impact tourism growth. The study highlights the importance of aspect-based sentiment analysis in managing tourist attractions effectively. However, the model's accuracy was limited to 0.8148 due to imbalanced data distribution across aspects and reviews.
Cultural, nutritional and microbial perspectives of tuak, a traditional Balinese beverage
Tuak, a traditional Balinese palm wine, stands as a culturally significant and economically valuable beverage deeply rooted in Indonesian history. This review reveals its complex nutritional profile, rich in monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose), organic acids, bioactive compounds (saponins, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids), minerals, alcohols, and aromatic compounds. Microbial analysis highlights the dominant role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Zymomonas mobilis, and Candida tropicalis in its fermentation process, derived from ambient air and plant-associated microbes. The study combines desktop research with field surveys to explore tuak's socio-economic importance, cultural heritage, and potential for tourism development while addressing challenges in quality improvement and economic value enhancement. This comprehensive perspective offers insights into preserving traditional beverage production and celebrating cultural heritage.
Enhancing Sentiment Analysis Accuracy in Borobudur Temple Visitor Reviews through Semi-Supervised Learning and SMOTE Upsampling
A sentiment analysis model for Borobudur Temple visitor reviews achieved an accuracy rate of 83.68% after applying the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). This represents a significant improvement over the initial accuracy of 60.59%, demonstrating the effectiveness of SMOTE in enhancing sentiment analysis outcomes. The study employed a semi-supervised learning approach, partitioning data into labeled and unlabeled sets for automatic labeling using the Multinomial Naïve Bayes algorithm. Preprocessing steps included data cleaning, tokenization, and stop word removal. These findings suggest that SMOTE upsampling can substantially refine sentiment analysis in tourist reviews, with potential applications in destination recommendation systems.
Fasilitasi Penyandang Disabilitas di Halaman Candi Borobudur
Borobudur Temple Compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Super Priority Tourism Destination, faces significant gaps in accessibility for tourists with physical disabilities despite having limited facilities. The study highlights that while Zone 1 of Borobudur offers some accommodations, these are insufficient to meet the needs of an inclusive tourism model. Addressing this gap is crucial not only for fulfilling visitors' rights but also for enhancing Borobudur's global standing as both a cultural heritage site and a major tourist destination. The research serves as a foundation for improving accessibility infrastructure, ensuring that Borobudur becomes more inclusive and sustainable in its tourism practices.
In-Fill Design Identification as Preliminary Study of Heritage Site Conservation in Borobudur Area
A critical gap in government documentation and regulation of local architecture surrounds Borobudur Temple Compounds, threatening the preservation of its rural architectural heritage. This study identifies a diverse range of infill designs—including space arrangements, construction structures, and aesthetic elements—through direct fieldwork, digital modeling, and drawing across villages in the area. While most buildings feature gable roofs, notable deviations were observed, highlighting the need for comprehensive documentation to support Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) processes. The research serves as a preliminary step toward safeguarding Borobudur's unique architectural landscape against urban development pressures.
Queering Tropical Heritage: Flora and Fauna Reliefs in Karmawibhangga, Borobudur Temple, Indonesia
A novel interpretation of the Karmawibhangga reliefs at Borobudur Temple, Indonesia, reveals that flora and fauna motifs are integral to a broader network of interconnected narratives, rather than merely illustrating Buddhist karma tenets. By applying intra- and extra-textual analysis alongside tropical queer ecology, researchers uncovered significant temporal, natural, and symbolic dimensions within the 160 panels. These ecological elements emerge as vital indicators of tropical heritage, enriching our understanding of this UNESCO World Heritage Site's cultural and environmental significance.
Socio-Economic Impact of Borobudur Temple Super Priority Tourism Development on The People of Borobudur Sub District
Borobudur Temple's Super Priority Tourism Development has significantly enhanced the socioeconomic conditions of the Borobudur Subdistrict community, marked by increased education levels, strengthened collaboration, and economic growth. The study, employing qualitative methods including interviews, documentation, and observation with key informants such as local authorities and tourism managers, found that tourism expansion has led to higher income levels, diverse job opportunities, and new business ventures. Drawing on Rostow's Modernization Theory, the research highlights positive social impacts while emphasizing the need for coordinated development with nearby attractions to maximize benefits for all communities in the subdistrict.
The Charm of Borobudur Temple Architecture: Perspectives of Foreign Narrators in Understanding Indonesian Cultural Heritage
Borobudur Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and symbol of Indonesia's cultural heritage, captivates foreign visitors with its architectural grandeur and meaningful reliefs. Research reveals that these visitors perceive four key values: religious, historical, architectural, and artistic. Factors such as accessible information, tour guides, and interactions with local communities significantly enhance their experience. The study highlights Borobudur's pivotal role in globalizing Indonesian culture and underscores the importance of effective site management for preservation and promotion. This qualitative case study, employing document analysis, observations, and interviews, provides actionable insights for tourism policymakers to strategize heritage conservation and visitor engagement.
The Integration of Kansei Engineering and Kano Model on Natural Language Processing (NLP) to Support Development of Service Product in the Borobudur Temple Tourism
A novel integration of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Kansei Engineering, and the Kano model identified critical service quality attributes to enhance visitor satisfaction at Borobudur Temple Compounds. Analyzing TripAdvisor data, researchers extracted key sentiments such as 'exit,' 'morning,' 'temple,' 'sunrise,' and 'heat,' alongside unlisted but necessary factors like ticket pricing, elephant enclosure management, and pamphlets. The study revealed two primary areas for improvement: the distance between facilities and the management of the elephant cage, both deemed unenjoyable by visitors. This approach offers a data-driven strategy to optimize tourism services at this UNESCO World Heritage Site, balancing visitor expectations with operational efficiency.
The One-Gate Management System And Temple Conservation: A Comparative Study Of Borobudur And Angkor Wat Temples
A comparative analysis of Borobudur and Angkor Wat reveals that Borobudur's adoption of a single-gate management system under InJourney Destination Management (IDM) in 2024 offers potential for enhanced efficiency but poses challenges in balancing tourism and conservation. Unlike Angkor Wat, which has been managed by the APSARA Authority since 1995 with a strong emphasis on preservation, Borobudur's model integrates it as both a tourist destination and a place of worship. The study highlights that while single-gate management can improve synergy, adaptive strategies are crucial to ensure conservation sustainability. Conducted using qualitative descriptive methods—including literature review, observation, and interviews—the research offers novel insights into cultural heritage management, recommending a more balanced approach that integrates tourism, conservation, and local community involvement.
Virtual Field Trips Borobudur Temple Assisted with Songs in Stimulating Writing Skills of Descriptive Texts
A virtual field trip to Borobudur Temple, combined with song assistance, significantly enhances students' descriptive text writing skills. This innovative approach outperformed traditional methods like static images, as demonstrated by a quasi-experimental study involving 52 students. The experimental group showed marked improvement in developing ideas and expanding vocabulary through song lyrics, translating into more detailed and informative descriptive texts. Statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of this multimedia learning tool (p < 0.05), suggesting its potential to revolutionize language education by blending cultural exploration with creative expression.
Active citizen workshop for building capacities of the young people in villages around the Borobudur Temple
An active citizen workshop significantly enhanced the soft skills and confidence of young people living near the Borobudur Temple, one of Indonesia's super-priority tourist destinations. The program, adapted from British Council modules, successfully guided participants to recognize their potential, improve communication, map community challenges, and develop action plans for positive social change. Participants reported increased self-awareness, networking abilities, and motivation for community development, demonstrating the workshop's effectiveness in empowering local youth despite limited direct economic benefits from tourism.
Borobudur temple and the megalith villages of the Ngadha and Manggarai in the light of Indonesia’s tourist promotion; A legacy of colonial representation
Indonesia's tourism promotion, prioritizing ten key destinations, perpetuates colonial-era marginalization and exoticization of ethnic groups, rooted in Dutch Darwinian social evolution. This study reveals how Borobudur Temple in Java and the megalith villages of Ngadha and Manggarai in Flores are represented through this lens, influencing both tourist perceptions and local stakeholders. It uncovers the interplay between Dutch colonial knowledge control, government vision, tourist desires, and local expectations, while highlighting ongoing efforts by local residents to decolonize tourism narratives. The research combines historical and socio-cultural analysis to expose the lasting impact of colonial representation on contemporary tourism dynamics.
Community Participation-based Tourism Governance in Post Covid-19 (Case Study on Conservation in Borobudur Temple)
Borobudur Temple's tourism, while boosted by post-COVID health protocols and economic benefits, faces vulnerabilities in its physical carrying capacity that require policy intervention. The study identifies the need for multi-actor cooperation to ensure the temple's sustainability, balancing conservation with economic growth. Researchers employed a mix of literature review, spatial analysis using GIS, and in-depth interviews to analyze tourism trends and their future predictions, along with economic impacts. This approach underscores the importance of community participation-based governance models in achieving sustainable tourism outcomes for UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Borobudur.
Cosmology and Cultural Ecology as Reflected in Borobudur Buddhist Temple
Borobudur Temple Compounds, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Central Java, embodies Buddhist teachings on cosmology and cultural ecology through its intricate reliefs. The study reveals that the temple's design, particularly at the Mahakarmavibanggain Kamadhatubase level, reflects the Causal Law of dependent origination (Pratyasamutpada), showcasing a deep connection between human actions and environmental harmony. Natural elements like trees, plants, and forests dominate the reliefs, illustrating complex relationships that convey moral, aesthetic, spiritual, and ecological messages. The research highlights Borobudur's potential as a model for addressing contemporary environmental challenges by emphasizing ethical principles for maintaining balance among natural elements, animals, and humans.
Data Driven Analysis of Borobudur Ticket Sentiment Using Naïve Bayes.
A data-driven analysis of public sentiment toward the proposed increase in Borobudur Temple entrance fees reveals that the Naive Bayes algorithm outperformed the Decision Tree method, achieving a test accuracy of 100% compared to 35.97%. This study leveraged Twitter data to classify sentiments using these algorithms, which are renowned for their efficiency and effectiveness in text classification tasks. The findings highlight the potential of Naive Bayes for sentiment analysis, offering valuable insights into public opinion on significant cultural and economic issues.
Designing the Revisit Intention of the Tourism Model on Visiting the Borobudur Temple
A positive and attractive image of Borobudur Temple significantly boosts tourist satisfaction and revisit intention, with visitor experience playing a pivotal role. The study found that both destination perception and visitor experience have a substantial impact on satisfaction and the likelihood of tourists returning to Central Java Province's iconic site. Conducted through surveys of 1,200 tourists over two months in 2021, the research used linear regression analysis to validate these relationships, emphasizing the importance of enhancing visitor experiences to drive long-term tourism growth at Borobudur.
Determinants of Inclusive Tourism in Borobudur Temple
A study on Borobudur Temple, a renowned Buddhist heritage site in Indonesia, identifies key determinants of inclusive tourism that enhance accessibility and enriching experiences for diverse visitors. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines qualitative interviews with stakeholders and quantitative surveys involving 305 respondents. The findings reveal critical factors influencing inclusive tourism, validated through rigorous statistical analyses including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). These insights provide actionable recommendations for improving visitor experiences at UNESCO World Heritage Sites by addressing accessibility and inclusivity challenges.
Developing a Multimodal Database of Digital Archives for Cultural Heritage Sites – A Case of Digitally Preserving the Borobudur Temple of Indonesia
A novel method for digitally reconstructing 3D models of inaccessible or hidden parts of cultural heritage sites, such as the buried reliefs at Borobudur Templehas been developed using single monocular photos. This approach addresses challenges posed by physical inaccessibility, which prevents traditional 3D scanning techniques. The research introduces a multimodal database, 'Borobudur Visual Archives,' designed to store and retrieve diverse digital assets, including 3D models, images, videos, multilingual texts, CAD drawings, and historical descriptions. This system enhances the preservation of cultural heritage by integrating disparate data sources, enabling comprehensive documentation and analysis of sites like Borobudur, even for portions that are physically unreachable.
Discourse Battle on Borobudur Temple Tariff Increase Policy in Discourse Analysis Network
A rapid policy reversal on Borobudur Temple tariff increases was driven by shifting public opinion, revealing the complex interplay between government decisions and online discourse. Using Discourse Network Analysis (DNA), researchers mapped how coalitions of supporters transformed into opposition, anticipating potential unrest. The study highlights DNA's utility in visualizing actor-discourse relationships, offering deeper insights into policy dynamics. Online media emerged as a critical influencer, shaping public sentiment and accelerating political shifts. This work underscores the multifaceted factors that govern policy-making, providing actionable lessons for stakeholders to foster more inclusive decision-making processes.
Future strategies for tourism destination management: post COVID-19 lessons observed from Borobudur, Indonesia
The COVID-19 pandemic inadvertently accelerated solutions to long-standing overtourism challenges at Borobudur. Local authorities implemented measures such as visitor caps, expanded accessible areas, mandatory guided tours, dynamic pricing, and community integration into tourism value chains. These strategies, developed during lockdowns, address both immediate capacity constraints and structural issues like overcrowding and environmental strain. The case highlights how crises can catalyze sustainable tourism practices, offering practical insights for global destination management beyond the pandemic.
Identification of the Ancient Lakes Based on Gravity Methods in Borobudur Temple
A geophysical investigation using gravity methods has identified the likely remnants of an ancient lake beneath Borobudur Temple. The study, conducted through Complete Bouger Anomaly (CBA) analysis, Bandpass Filter separation, 3D inverse modeling, and First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) analysis, revealed minor gravitational anomalies in the west, south, and east of the site, consistent with historical accounts of an enclosing lake. Depth mapping further suggests a deposit layer indicative of an ancient lake, located between 250 and 525 meters beneath the temple's surface on its east and west sides. These findings provide substantial evidence supporting the existence of such a lake, contributing to our understanding of Borobudur's historical and environmental context.
Model of communicative constitution of organization in the management of Borobudur Temple
A novel model for organizational communication and coordination has been developed to address challenges in managing the Borobudur Temple Compounds. This model integrates goals across multiple ministries with differing objectives by establishing clear communication flows, membership negotiations, self-structuring processes, and activity coordination. It also introduces thematic storytelling visits to manage visitor traffic effectively. The research employed qualitative methods, including observation, interviews, and documentation, to assess the effectiveness of this approach in improving governance and visitor experiences at Borobudur. The findings suggest that such a communicative constitution model can serve as a blueprint for harmonizing diverse organizational objectives in heritage site management.
Risk Assessment of Various Trees Grown in the Inner Part of First Zone to the Preservation of Borobudur Temple
A risk assessment of trees within the inner part of Zone 1 at Borobudur Temple reveals that certain species, such as Ficus benjamina and Albizia chinensis, pose significant threats to the temple's structural integrity due to their root systems and potential for damage. The study employed a combination of field observations, soil analysis, and historical documentation to evaluate risks, identifying critical factors like root proximity to temple foundations and tree species' growth patterns. These findings underscore the need for targeted vegetation management strategies to balance conservation efforts with the preservation of Borobudur's architectural integrity.
The Development of a Sustainable Tourism Area for Borobudur Temple as a City Branding Theme for Magelang Regency
Borobudur Temple, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Indonesia's Super Priority Tourism Destination, serves as a pivotal lever for sustainable tourism development in Magelang Regency. This study reveals that establishing Borobudur as a central theme for city branding can significantly boost tourism promotion, benefiting both domestic and international visitors while enhancing local community welfare. The research highlights the importance of stakeholder collaboration, strategic area management, and empowerment of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in implementing this sustainable development approach. Qualitative-descriptive methods, including interviews with key informants and focus group discussions (FGDs), were employed to gather insights from Borobudur Temple management, cooperatives, and government officials overseeing the tourism sector. The findings underscore that integrating Borobudur's heritage status into a cohesive city branding strategy is essential for Magelang Regency's economic growth and sustainable tourism future.
The Meaning of Buddhist Statue Symbols In Borobudur, Mendut And Plaosan Temples Based on Buddhist Literature
Buddha statues serve as the central symbolic element in Borobudur, Mendut, and Plaosan temples, embodying sacred significance tied to worship practices. Despite variations in posture, mudras (hand gestures), and adornments across these structures, their core components align with Buddhist literature, particularly the Lakkhaṇa Sutta, which describes 32 physical attributes of a Buddha. These statues, positioned prominently and often larger than surrounding elements, represent the essence of Buddhism. The study employed qualitative methods, including data condensation and thematic analysis, to reveal these shared characteristics while acknowledging regional stylistic differences.
The Plurality of Vesak Celebrations at Borobudur and Sewu Temples
Vesak celebrations at Borobudur and Sewu Temples in Indonesia reflect the cultural plurality of Buddhism, emphasizing mutual respect for diverse traditions while maintaining unity. At Borobudur, Walubi members from Theravada, Mahayana, and Tantrayana traditions conduct separate puja ceremonies before Vesak, alongside a shared main puja room, highlighting cultural differences. In contrast, Sewu Temple's celebrations fuse these traditions, promoting equality among them. This study, using qualitative naturalistic inquiry, reveals that Indonesian Buddhism embodies the principle of 'Bhinneka Tunggal Ika,' symbolizing national unity through pluralistic practices.
Analisis Performa Algoritma NBC, DT, SVM dalam Klasifikasi Data Ulasan Pengunjung Candi Borobudur Berbasis CRISP-DM
Support Vector Machine (SVM) emerges as the optimal algorithm for analyzing visitor sentiment at Borobudur Temple, outperforming Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Decision Tree (DT). SVM achieved 99.41% accuracy, 100% precision, and a perfect Area Under Curve (AUC) score of 1.00, significantly surpassing NBC's 95.6% accuracy and DT's 94.4%. The study, based on 3850 Tripadvisor reviews, applied the CRISP-DM framework to evaluate algorithm performance using metrics like confusion matrix values, AUC, and ROC. SVM's dominance was further validated by a T-test value of 0.994, indicating its superior effectiveness in sentiment analysis for this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Analisis Sentimen Wisatawan Melalui Data Ulasan Candi Borobudur di Tripadvisor Menggunakan Algoritma Naïve Bayes Classifier
A high-accuracy sentiment analysis of visitor reviews at Borobudur Temple, using the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC), reveals key preferences and experiences that shape tourist satisfaction. The study, analyzing 3,850 Tripadvisor reviews, achieved a 96.36% accuracy rate, with notable precision in identifying positive sentiment. Key themes emerged around the temple's physical condition, scenic beauty, and sunrise visits, highlighting Borobudur as a premier cultural and natural destination. The research employed SMOTE upsampling to balance data and evaluate algorithm performance robustly, offering actionable insights for managers to align infrastructure with tourist expectations.
Concept Application Analysis Green Tourism in the Development of Borobudur Temple as a Super Priority Destination
Borobudur Temple, a super priority tourism destination in Indonesia, has seen significant development supported by green tourism initiatives. Key advancements include improved access infrastructure, community empowerment through the Village Economic Center (Balkondes), and the adoption of electric vehicles to minimize environmental impact. Additionally, digital promotion strategies have been implemented without harming the environment, reducing reliance on printed marketing materials. These efforts highlight a successful integration of sustainable practices in tourism management, offering a model for balancing cultural heritage preservation with modern tourism needs.
Creative tourism development through storynomics tourism model in Borobudur
Creative tourism development in Borobudur, Indonesia, can harness five key sources of creativity—nature, arts/crafts, spirituality, gastronomy, and language—to foster sustainable economic growth while preserving cultural heritage. This approach, rooted in the storynomics model, transforms Borobudur's rich history, culture, and temple reliefs into compelling narratives that drive tourism value. The study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods including surveys, focus group discussions (FGD), and interviews, reveals that collaboration among government agencies, local communities, service providers, and tourists is essential for implementing this model effectively. Unlike conventional tourism strategies, which primarily focus on promoting destinations, the storynomics approach integrates environmental sustainability, local wisdom, and economic resilience, offering a blueprint for sustainable development at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Culture Ministry Meeting G20 Cultural Carnival as an Introduction to the Value of Borobudur Temple Relief
The G20 Culture Ministers Meeting (CMM) Cultural Carnival of 2022 successfully introduced the moral and cultural values embedded in Borobudur Temple's Jataka reliefs through a creative fusion of dance, costumes, props, and traditional performances. This approach effectively planted these values into community practices, fostering local creativity and artistic innovation while serving as a cultural icon for tourists. The study highlights how 20 Jataka narratives were adapted into dynamic performances by villages in Borobudur District, demonstrating the potential of heritage-based art to bridge tradition and contemporary expression. Using descriptive research methods, the analysis reveals that such initiatives can enhance community engagement and preserve intangible cultural heritage.
Ethnomathematics in Borobudur temple based on cellular automata perspective
Borobudur Temple's intricate structure reveals a hidden relationship with cellular automata (CA), a mathematical model used to simulate complex systems. The study, employing descriptive qualitative ethnography and literature analysis, identified that Borobudur's architecture—including its stupas—can be approximated using 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, and even 3-dimensional CA rules, particularly Wolfram rule 92 and rule 254 with two colors. This discovery bridges traditional Javanese architecture and advanced mathematical concepts, offering a novel perspective on how ancient structures may encode computational principles. The research validates this through expert discussions and digital simulations, suggesting that Borobudur's design embodies principles of self-organizing systems.
Health and safety risks behavior among local and international tourists at Borobudur Temple before COVID-19 pandemic
A study comparing health and safety behaviors among local and international tourists at Borobudur Temple, Indonesia, found that foreign tourists were more vulnerable to food and beverage hygiene risks, while both groups experienced solar radiation effects. Despite differences in knowledge levels—with foreign tourists showing greater understanding—the overall health and safety behaviors between the two groups did not differ significantly. The research, conducted using a cross-sectional approach with 400 participants from September to November 2019, suggests that tourism managers should enhance visitor education through informational materials to mitigate risks such as sunburn and foodborne diseases.
Peningkatan Partisipasi Relawan dan Pelaku Pariwisata dalam Pengelolaan Risiko Bencana di Kompleks Candi Borobudur
A draft Disaster Risk Management Plan for the Borobudur Temple Complex, developed through UNESCO-funded research (2021), highlights the need for broader stakeholder engagement to enhance disaster resilience. The plan, implemented via the digital platform borobudur-drr.id, was limited by insufficient socialization among 53 identified stakeholders—including conservationists, volunteers, and tourism actors—who exhibit diverse educational backgrounds and disaster exposure. Key findings underscore the necessity of forums to align perceptions and foster synergy for effective action plan implementation. This study emphasizes the critical role of collaborative efforts in managing risks at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment for the Borobudur Temple Merchant and Parking Relocation Project
A significant majority of the community, including affected merchants and landowners, supports the Borobudur Temple merchant and parking relocation project, with 78.6% of nearby residents and 96.7% of landowners expressing favorable opinions. Public participation in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, through consultations and socialization activities, proved effective in addressing concerns and gathering valuable feedback. The study, conducted from March 25 to 28, 2021, used a mixed descriptive method involving 150 respondents across three groups: local residents, merchants, and landowners. The findings highlight the importance of community engagement in large-scale heritage management projects, demonstrating how structured participation can lead to better understanding and acceptance of relocation plans.
Study of Large Ruminants Diversity in Java at Eighth Century Based on Borobudur Temple Reliefs
A study analyzing the reliefs of Borobudur Temple, an 8th-century UNESCO World Heritage Site in Java, reveals that large ruminants during this period were primarily represented by a single breed each: zebu (Bos indicus) for cattle and wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee). The research, conducted through detailed morphological analysis of relief panels, identified ten cattle and nine buffalo images across the temple's carvings. This finding provides rare insight into the diversity of large ruminants in ancient Java, complementing sparse historical records. By leveraging Borobudur's rich visual documentation, the study offers a novel approach to reconstructing past livestock diversity, bridging gaps left by inscriptions and textual sources.
3D reconstruction of Borobudur reliefs from 2D monocular photographs based on soft-edge enhanced deep learning
A groundbreaking deep learning method achieves 97% accuracy in reconstructing hidden Borobudur temple reliefs from old monocular photographs, addressing the challenge of digitizing cultural heritage sites inaccessible to traditional 3D scanning. Unlike existing models optimized for sharp-edged scenes, this approach leverages soft-edge features to estimate depth with precision, even in low-curvature areas like the buried reliefs behind stone walls. By integrating reconstructed data with visible 3D scans, researchers enable 'see-through' visualizations that simultaneously display both visible and previously hidden regions of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Attitudinal factors impacting local visitor perspectives on the sustainability of Borobudur Temple tourism
A significant factor influencing local visitor support for sustainable tourism at Borobudur Temple is their attitudes toward economic, social, and environmental aspects. This finding emerges from a study analyzing responses of 267 local visitors to the site, revealing that these attitudinal factors play a crucial role in shaping their perspectives on sustainable tourism development. The research employed PLS-SEM analysis to test hypotheses, providing new insights into how visitor attitudes can drive more sustainable practices at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Borobudur.
Birds Iconography in the Lalitavistara Relief of Borobudur Temple: A Study from Biological and Cultural Perspective
A study of the Lalitavistara relief panels at Borobudur Temple reveals 22 bird species, including the Green Peafowl and Rock Dove, each carrying distinct symbolic meanings. The research analyzed 120 panels, identifying birds based on morphology, behavior, and habitat preferences, while contextualizing them within the narrative of the reliefs. These findings suggest that birds not only serve as artistic decoration but also convey deeper cultural significance, potentially indicating time markers or geographical settings through their natural behaviors. This new perspective enriches the interpretation of Borobudur's intricate storytelling.
Effects of perceived value, expectation, visitor management, and visitor satisfaction on revisit intention to Borobudur Temple, Indonesia
A study on Borobudur Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Indonesia, reveals that visitors' expectations and perceived value significantly influence their intention to revisit the site more than visitor satisfaction or management. While previous research suggested that satisfaction was a key driver for repeat visits, this analysis found that expectation and perceived value had a greater impact. The study used descriptive and regression analyses on data from Borobudur visitors, with country of origin being the only demographic factor positively correlated with revisit intention. These findings suggest that enhancing visitor experience while preserving cultural significance should be prioritized in the development of Borobudur and similar heritage sites.
Engaging Children in Reading Jataka Reliefs of Borobudur Temple in Indonesia through Digital Picture Book
Jataka reliefs, depicting the past lives of the Bodhisattva in Borobudur Temple, offer timeless moral lessons such as kindness and self-sacrifice. A study found that these stories remain relevant for character building in children aged 7-9 years, particularly when adapted into interactive digital formats. The research identified the Wanaraja story as suitable due to its leadership and non-sadistic narrative, recommending a combination of animation and picture books to enhance engagement. Using qualitative methods like literature reviews, expert interviews, and teacher questionnaires, the study highlighted the potential of digital media to positively impact children's character development.
Integrated High-Definition Visualization of Digital Archives for Borobudur Temple
A breakthrough in the digital preservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, particularly for Borobudur Temple, has been achieved through an integrated high-definition visualization framework. This method successfully combines disparate data sources—including photos, CAD drawings, and written descriptions—to create a comprehensive 3D digital archive, even for damaged or inaccessible parts of historical structures. By employing stochastic point-based rendering (SPBR), the framework enables precise and comprehensible visualization of entire sites, addressing gaps left by traditional 3D scanning limitations. The approach is scalable and adaptable to other large-scale cultural heritage sites, offering a robust solution for long-term digital preservation and analysis.
Kearifan Lokal pada Perwujudan Tathagata di Candi Borobudur (Local Genius in Tathagata Statue in Borobudur Temple)
The Borobudur Temple's Tathagata statues exemplify the integration of foreign cultural elements with local Javanese artistic traditions, demonstrating a form of 'local genius' that predates the Hindu-Buddha period. This study analyzed 20 Tathagata statues from the Rupadhatu terrace, identifying unique stylistic and placement characteristics that reflect ancient Javanese artists' (silpin) ability to blend external influences with indigenous culture. Using Ayatrohaedi's (1986) framework of five local genius traits as a reference, the research reveals how these statues embody both universal Buddhist iconography and distinct regional artistic expression, offering new insights into the cultural synthesis achieved by historical Javanese artisans.
Measurement of Tourist Satisfaction Based on Destination Attributes Using Kano Model in Tourist Destination: A Case of Borobudur Temple
Tourist satisfaction at Borobudur Temple is significantly influenced by destination attributes, with certain factors being more critical than others. The study identifies that while basic expectations like cleanliness and accessibility are met, higher-order attributes such as cultural experiences and unique offerings play a pivotal role in enhancing satisfaction. Using the Kano model, researchers analyzed how different attributes contribute to tourist contentment, revealing that performance of these attributes is crucial for developing high-quality destinations. This approach provides actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to maximize visitor satisfaction at Borobudur.
Old Javanese Seating Equipment as Depicted on the Base Relief of Borobudur Temple
A novel analysis of Borobudur Temple's base reliefs reveals the diversity and intricacies of Old Javanese seating equipment and accessories, offering a unique glimpse into socio-cultural practices during the 9th century. The study identifies distinct types of seating—ranging from knee-height to ground-level designs—and their associated accessories, such as knee straps, backrests, and seat cushions, which were categorized as either personal or communal with wide seats. By examining the karmawibangga story panel in Borobudur's kamadhatu section, researchers leveraged the temple's precise proportions to analyze these elements, providing a foundation for innovative product design inspired by Old Javanese culture. This approach combines art historical interpretation with functional analysis, bridging ancient craftsmanship and modern applications.
Overtourism Phenomenon at Borobudur Temple Based on The Penta Helix Perspectives
Overtourism at Borobudur Temple, particularly its impacts on tourist numbers, physical infrastructure, socio-cultural dynamics, and perceptions, has been systematically analyzed through the Penta Helix model. This study reveals that while issues related to tourist volume, environmental strain, and cultural disruption are evident, socio-economic challenges remain largely absent from the site's experience. Using qualitative methods—including stakeholder interviews with academicians, businesses, local communities, government representatives, and media—the research maps overtourism phenomena across five key dimensions, providing a nuanced understanding of how Borobudur navigates mass tourism without significant economic pressures. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to mitigate negative effects while leveraging tourism's potential benefits.
Resident Perceptions of Sustainable Tourism Development in Borobudur Temple Tourist Destination
Residents around Borobudur Temple Tourist Destination (BTTD) exhibit overwhelmingly positive perceptions of tourism development, demonstrating strong support and willingness to participate in sustainable tourism initiatives. This finding underscores the critical role of resident perception in shaping the success and sustainability of tourist destinations. The study, employing qualitative methods through 23 in-depth interviews, reveals that residents' favorable views directly influence their engagement with tourism planning and management. These insights suggest that local governments and managers should prioritize resident involvement in decision-making processes to enhance support for sustainable tourism development at BTTD.
Sustainability Status Assessment of The Borobudur Temple using The Rap-Tourism with Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) Approach
Borobudur Temple, one of Indonesia's most visited tourist sites, has a moderate sustainability index of 69.84, according to a study using the Rap-Tourism with Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) approach. The assessment revealed that while economic and sociocultural dimensions score relatively high at 72.62 and 72.76 respectively, environmental and institutional dimensions lag behind at 66.94 and 69.27. Key recommendations to improve sustainability include rearranging plants for better environmental integration, enhancing complaint handling services, constructing outbound rides and flying foxes to reduce crowding, and promoting complementary attractions. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to balance the temple's popularity with sustainable tourism practices.
The Depiction of Heaven and Hell in the Karmawibangga Reliefs of Borobudur Temple: An Overview of Character Education
The Karmawibangga reliefs at Borobudur Temple vividly depict the Buddhist concepts of heaven and hell, illustrating the consequences of karma—a doctrine central to Buddhism. These reliefs serve as a moral guide, showing how actions influence one's afterlife, whether in blissful heavens marked by the kalpawrksa tree or punitive hells described in ancient Javanese texts. The study analyzes these depictions to highlight their role in character education, emphasizing the temple's function as both a spiritual and educational site. By examining Buddhist scriptures, inscriptions, and manuscripts, the research underscores Borobudur's significance in preserving and transmitting moral teachings through art.
The Implementation of Halal Tourism Ecosystem Model in Borobudur Temple as Tourism Area
A study on Borobudur Temple, one of Indonesia's premier tourist destinations, reveals significant gaps in its potential to become a fully realized halal tourism ecosystem. Despite its global appeal, the temple lacks comprehensive halal-certified attractions, facilities, and programs, with limited government support, inadequate human resources trained in tourism, and underdeveloped research and infrastructure. The research employed a descriptive approach, gathering data through interviews with key stakeholders—including Borobudur Temple management, local businesses, LPPT (Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory), Indonesian Ulama, and regional cultural authorities—to assess four critical dimensions: destination products, government support, human resources, and infrastructure. While the study highlights Borobudur's potential as a halal tourism hub, it underscores urgent needs for systemic improvements to meet global halal tourism standards.
Borobudur Temple and The Sacred Heart Shrine: Studying The Buddhism and The Catholic Pilgrimage Sites in South Java
Indonesian society demonstrates remarkable openness and inclusivity towards religious sites, embracing them as integral components of both faith and tourism. A comparative study of Borobudur Temple (Buddhist) and the Sacred Heart Shrine (Catholic) in Central Java revealed striking similarities and differences in pilgrimage dimensions across these traditions. While both serve as significant spiritual destinations, their roles in public spaces reflect Indonesia's pluralistic religious landscape, where diverse faiths coexist harmoniously. This research highlights how such sites function not only as places of worship but also as cultural and economic assets, attracting global visitors while maintaining deep local significance.
Epilithic Microalgae Isolated from Biofilm on Borobudur Temple Stone
A pioneering study successfully isolated and identified nine epilithic microalgae species from the biofilm on Borobudur Temple stones, marking the first such identification for this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The isolates include Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Tetraselmis cordiformis, Pseudendoclonium arthropyreniae, Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc gelatinosum, Oscillatoria limnetica, Messastrum gracile, Stigeoclonium aestivale, and Scenedesmus acuminatus. The research employed light microscopy for morphological observation and molecular techniques (18S rRNA gene sequencing) to confirm eukaryotic identification. This study highlights the potential role of microalgae in the biodeterioration of Borobudur's porous stone materials, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring to preserve this cultural heritage.
Ethnomathematics in Borobudur Temple and Its Relevance in Mathematics Education
Borobudur Temple embodies advanced mathematical techniques that have remained largely unrecognized. The temple's architecture incorporates the Javanese number system (watakwilangan and primbon), which attributes symbolic significance to numbers beyond mere quantification, influencing human life. Additionally, geometric shapes—ranging from basic forms to fractals—are intricately woven into its structure, showcasing a sophisticated understanding of logic and systematization. These findings highlight the temple's enduring design as a testament to its mathematical ingenuity. The study, a literature review using hermeneutic analysis, synthesizes existing research on ethnomathematics in Borobudur, offering insights for mathematics education by emphasizing the cultural and educational value of these mathematical concepts.
Etnomatematika: Eksplorasi Candi Borobudur
Borobudur Temple is revealed as a monumental example of ethnomathematics—a field studying mathematical concepts embedded in cultural practices. This study demonstrates that Borobudur's structure encapsulates intricate religious, moral, and mathematical principles, interlinked through its design. The research concludes that these concepts, though unrecognized by ancient builders, have persisted as cultural products, illustrating mathematics' deep integration into societal life. Using historical and cultural approaches, the study explores Borobudur's philosophical foundations, offering a unique lens to understand its architectural brilliance as both an educational tool and a mathematical masterpiece.
Heritage Assemblages. The Heritage Site of Borobudur (Indonesia) as a Cultural Landscape
Indonesian activists and academics have redefined the UNESCO World Heritage concept of 'cultural landscape' as saujana budaya, creating a localized, politically charged term that reflects Indonesia's syncretic Hindu-Buddhist heritage. This translation is not merely linguistic but an act of resistance against narrow governmental heritage policies, empowering local stakeholders to shape Borobudur's narrative while centering its sacred and spiritual dimensions. The study reveals how saujana budaya serves as a tool for inclusive heritage management, challenging dominant discourses during Indonesia's Reformasi era.
Interpretasi Relief Gandawyuha di Candi Borobudur
A comprehensive analysis of the Gandawyuha reliefs at Borobudur Temple Compound reveals rich narratives that encapsulate Buddhist teachings and cultural practices from 8th to 10th century Java. These reliefs, totaling 460 panels across corridors II to IV, depict Sudhana's journey and interactions with wise mentors (Kalyanamitra), offering insights into ancient Javanese society, spirituality, and environmental values. The study identified 128 key panels in corridor II, highlighting themes such as divine love for nature, responsibility, resilience, and collaboration—qualities that serve as educational tools for character development. By combining photographic data with secondary sources, researchers systematically interpreted these reliefs to extract moral and cultural lessons, providing a novel framework for understanding Borobudur's historical and pedagogical significance.
Isolation and Identification of Actinomycetes Associated with Moss on the Surface of the Borobudur Temple Stone
Research on the Borobudur Temple reveals that actinomycetes associated with moss on its stone surface play a significant role in biodeterioration. The study identified 37 actinomycetes from three sampling sites, belonging to five genera (Gordonia, Microbacterium, Micromonospora, Nocardia, and Streptomyces) and four families. Notably, 51.35% of the isolates were from the genus Streptomyces, with 45.94% demonstrating phosphate-solubilizing abilities, primarily within this group. These findings highlight the potential impact of actinomycetes on stone decay and suggest their relevance for further study or conservation efforts. The isolates have been deposited in the Indonesian Culture Collection (InaCC) to serve as a reference for future research.
Sentiment Analysis of Visitors in Borobudur Temple With Support Vector Machine Based on TripAdvisor Review
A sentiment analysis of visitor reviews at Borobudur Temple, using TripAdvisor data from 2017 to 2019, revealed that 76% of reviews were positive, 15% neutral, and 9% negative. The study employed a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model, achieving 100% accuracy with 401 test cases trained on 247 data points. This approach demonstrates the effectiveness of SVM in categorizing tourist sentiment, providing valuable insights for heritage site management and visitor experience optimization.
The climate comfort assessment for tourism purposes in Borobudur Temple Indonesia
A high correlation between the Holiday Climate Index (HCI) and tourist visitation at Borobudur Temple, particularly for foreign tourists, suggests that relative humidity and rainfall significantly influence climate comfort. This study analyzed climate data from 2010-2019 using three methods—Tourism Climate Index (TCI), Temperature Humidity Index (THI), and HCI—to assess their sensitivity to tourist behavior. The findings indicate that July to October offers the most comfortable conditions, aligning closely with peak visitation periods. This insight can guide tourism policies and pre-trip climate information for advertisers and authorities.
The identification of plant reliefs in the Lalitavistara story of Borobudur temple, Central Java, Indonesia
A groundbreaking analysis of Borobudur Temple's Lalitavistara reliefs reveals at least 63 plant species, surpassing the diversity described in the original sutra. This discovery suggests that ancient Javanese artisans possessed advanced knowledge of local flora and used plant figures creatively to enhance the narrative atmosphere. The study, conducted by Metusala et al. (2020), indicates that these reliefs reflect the region's plant diversity during the 9th century, offering a unique lens into the ecological and cultural perceptions of ancient Javanese communities. By integrating botanical identification with historical art analysis, this research provides new insights into the intersection of religious iconography and environmental awareness.
The Parents’ Parenting Patterns Who Work in Borobudur Temple Area with Development of Student Characters in Elementary Schools
Research reveals that permissive parenting patterns among parents working in the Borobudur Temple Area significantly influence the character development of elementary school students, particularly at Ringin Putih Elementary School 01 Borobudur. This qualitative study analyzed data from parents and students to demonstrate how work-related factors in this UNESCO World Heritage Site context shape parenting behaviors, thereby affecting student character traits. The findings underscore the importance of understanding cultural and occupational influences on child development in heritage-rich environments.
Tourism Development for Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur (TWCB)
Borobudur Temple Compounds, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and iconic Buddhist temple in Central Java, Indonesia, faces the challenge of balancing increased tourism with conservation efforts. The study proposes a sustainable development model that enhances visitor experience while adhering to UNESCO's ethical guidelines. It introduces four key realms—entertainment, education, aesthetics, and escapism—to guide tourism management, aiming to expand Borobudur's cultural value beyond mere visitor numbers. The approach combines literature review with explorative descriptions, focusing on marketing strategies, competition analysis, sustainable visitor experiences, and ethical considerations. This model seeks to preserve Borobudur's historical, religious, and cultural significance while promoting quality tourism for international visitors.
Tourism Impact on Conservation and Utilization of Borobudur Temple After Being Declared as Ten New Bali Tourist Destination in Indonesia
The designation of Borobudur Temple as one of Indonesia's '10 New Bali Tourist Destinations' has significantly impacted its conservation and utilization, with findings indicating discrepancies in job descriptions between managing bodies BKB and PT. TWCBRB. This study highlights the tension between government efforts to boost tourism and adherence to heritage conservation principles. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, it combines observation, in-depth interviews, and literature review, analyzing data through hermeneutic paradigms to interpret managerial perspectives on the policy's implementation. Preliminary results suggest that while tourism growth is targeted, conservation strategies require refinement to balance visitor influx with heritage preservation.
Tourist Experience in Mandala Pepadhanging Jagad Travel Package for Heritage Tourism Development in Borobudur Temple Compound
A positive tourist experience satisfaction was achieved through the integration of selected narratives from Borobudur's legend into tourism practices, highlighting the significance of travel experiences in heritage tourism development. This study focuses on two main aspects: the narratives and their storytelling, including creativity in tour amenities and guide competencies. Using survey and focus group interview methods, the research demonstrates that channeling these narratives can effectively enhance tourist satisfaction while promoting the conservation of cultural heritage. The findings underscore the potential of narrative-driven tourism to inform heritage tourism policies in Indonesia, balancing visitor experience with preservation efforts.
Changing perspectives on the relationship between heritage, landscape and local communities: A lesson from Borobudur
The Borobudur Temple Compound, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and cultural significance. This monumental complex, spanning approximately three kilometers with an east-west orientation, encompasses not only the iconic Borobudur but also the smaller temples of Pawon and Mendut. It fulfills multiple criteria for heritage recognition, including representing architectural brilliance, showcasing cross-cultural exchanges, and being intricately linked to historical traditions and beliefs. The site is particularly meaningful to local communities in Indonesia, who trace their lineage back to its builders, reinforcing its status as a symbol of national pride and universal cultural value.
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