‘European’ and ‘Asian’ approaches to cultural landscapes management at Borobudur, Indonesia in the 1970s

In the 1970s, Borobudur Temple Compounds' nomination for UNESCO World Heritage List reflected European-dominated heritage discourses, prioritizing monument-centric conservation over community involvement and cultural landscapes. This approach delayed the shift toward Asian-led heritage management, which emphasizes participatory preservation and broader landscape protection. The study contrasts these paradigms through Borobudur's restoration efforts, highlighting how obligatory World Heritage criteria reinforced post-colonial monument-focused practices. It underscores the Nara Document's role in challenging European authenticity standards and promoting alternative, community-driven heritage conservation models.

Nagaoka, M. (2014). ‘European’ and ‘Asian’ approaches to cultural landscapes management at Borobudur, Indonesia in the 1970s. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 21(3), 232–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2014.930065