Origins of Mongolian Urbanization and the Role of Towns in the Golden Horde

Mongolian urbanization in the 13th century, driven by strategic and economic needs, laid the foundation for the Golden Horde's rise as a global trade hub. The study reveals that towns like Karakorum and Sarai-Batu emerged not from existing settlements but were purpose-built to centralize wealth, facilitate governance, and integrate into international trade networks. Avarga, an early Mongol residence, served as a fortress for wealth protection, while Karakorum's location in the Orkhon Valley optimized communication, trade, and craft production. The Golden Horde's urban centers thrived by leveraging their economic potential, connecting Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean, but faced decline due to internal conflicts and Timur's invasions. This research combines archaeological evidence with written sources to trace the evolution of Mongolian urbanization and its global impact.

Vasyutin, S. A. (2026). Origins of Mongolian Urbanization and the Role of Towns in the Golden Horde. Golden Horde Review, 14(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2026-14-1.19-36