How is Graffiti Done? . Scratching, Incising, and Engraving Stone in Bethlehem

Stone graffiti in the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, reveals sophisticated techniques contrary to the notion of spontaneous creation. The study identifies three primary methods: incision with simple tools like knives or points, often aided by rulers; hollow engraving using percussed dots, either isolated or connected; and V-shaped engraving through lateral percussion. These varied approaches, involving a range of skills and instruments, challenge the idea that such graffiti was created impulsively. Instead, they suggest a deliberate, premeditated process, blending improvisation with precision.

(Ed.). (2026). How is Graffiti Done? . Scratching, Incising, and Engraving Stone in Bethlehem. Writing in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1484/m.celama-eb.5.151594