Ancient mortar technology of the 1600-year-old renowned Buddhist University and UNESCO world heritage site

A groundbreaking analysis of the 1600-year-old Nalanda Mahavihara, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and renowned Buddhist university, reveals advanced ancient mortar technology. The study identifies a durable, multi-layered plaster system using hydraulic lime with pozzolanic materials and fine aggregates, enhanced by organic additives for water resistance. Mud mortar, primarily composed of locally sourced silt, was used for bed joints, showing compatibility with bricks. However, salt and gypsum contamination in external layers suggest environmental degradation over centuries. This research provides unprecedented insights into the construction techniques that contributed to Nalanda's longevity.

Anand, N. J., Singhal, V., & Manohar, S. (2025). Ancient mortar technology of the 1600-year-old renowned Buddhist University and UNESCO world heritage site. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 22, e04412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04412