Ha Noi – Hue – Sai Gon in Territory Expansion toward the South and Unification of the Country (1069–1802)

Vietnam's territorial expansion and national unification from 1069 to 1802 were driven by the strategic development of three key capitals: Thang Long (Hanoi), Phu Xuan (Hue), and Gia Dinh (Saigon). These centers, rooted in distinct archaeological traditions—Dong Son, Sa Huynh, and Oc Eo—served as pillars for southern advancement and resource multiplication. The Tay Son movement initiated unification but faced challenges, leaving Nguyen Anh to solidify Gia Dinh as a base for conquering Hue and Thang Long, completing the 733-year expansion and unifying Vietnam. This study highlights the pivotal roles of Hanoi, Hue, and Saigon in shaping the nation's territory and identity through historical analysis.

Ngọc, N. Q. (2020). HA NOI – HUE – SAI GON IN TERRITORY EXPANSION TOWARD THE SOUTH AND UNIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY (1069–1802). Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities, 129(6E), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.26459/hueunijssh.v129i6e.6058