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Microbial community structure in methane hydrate-bearing sediments of freshwater Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal — 2011 — WHEA14B4B4C9A

Methane hydrates, typically found in marine sediments, have been discovered in the freshwater sediments of Lake Baikal, the world's largest freshwater basin. A study by Kadnikov et al. (2011) reveals that these hydrates are biologically formed, with microbial communities playing a significant role. The research used pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to analyze microbial communities in the water column and sediments at a hydrate-bearing site. Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria dominated the lake floor water sample, while shallow sediments were rich in Archaea, particularly methanogens from Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales orders. Deeper sediments near the hydrate were predominantly Bacteria, including Chloroflexi, candidate division JS1, and Caldiserica. The study suggests that methane hydrates in Lake Baikal are formed through methanogenesis rather than anaerobic oxidation of methane.

Microbial diversity in nonsulfur, sulfur and iron geothermal steam vents

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2011 — WHE7D8DEEB3A6

Research reveals that geothermal steam vents, or fumaroles, harbor diverse and novel microbial lineages, including previously unknown ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. The study, conducted across Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and Lassen Volcanic National Park, developed innovative DNA isolation techniques to analyze microbial communities in these extreme environments. Fumarole deposits were classified as nonsulfur, sulfur, or iron-dominated based on X-ray microanalysis. While sulfur-dominated vents were dominated by Sulfolobus and Acidianus, nonsulfur deposits contained mainly unknown Crenarchaeota, suggesting fumaroles as a potential habitat for ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. The study also successfully enriched and isolated members of the Sulfolobales, providing the first evidence of Archaea in geothermal steam deposits.

Microsporidian Infection in Rryukyu Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis on Amami Oshima Island

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2011 — WHE426D7E7037

A microsporidian parasite, likely indigenous to Amami Oshima Island, was identified as the cause of infection in cultured Ryukyu ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis). The parasite formed cysts on visceral organs and skin, with its prevalence peaking between April and August, correlating with high temperatures. Molecular analysis confirmed the parasite belonged to the genus Glugea, though its specific identity remains unresolved. This finding mirrors glugeosis in other Japanese ayu populations, suggesting a shared but distinct pathogen. The study also detected the parasite in museum specimens from 1991, indicating long-term presence on the island.

Mobile phone appropriation in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea — 2011 — WHE33653070CC

Mobile phone use in Rio de Janeiro's favelas reveals subversive tactics shaped by cyclic power dynamics between high- and low-income populations. Residents navigate economic barriers through illegal or creative means, highlighting how technology adoption in marginalized communities transcends simple access issues. The study suggests future research should focus on the nuanced relationship between people and technology rather than binary access frameworks.

Modelling interactions between biophysical and social systems: the example of vegetation dynamics in the Causse Méjean (France)

The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape — 2011 — WHE6099C54023

A pioneering interdisciplinary study on the Causse Méjean, part of France's UNESCO-listed Causses and Cévennes landscape, reveals how shrubland vegetation dynamics are shaped by complex interactions between biophysical and social systems. The research demonstrates that vegetation progression can be effectively modeled by harmonizing and analyzing heterogeneous spatio-temporal data—ranging from environmental conditions to historical land use practices and social representations. Using advanced statistical techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for vegetation description and canonical correlation analysis, the study identified key factors influencing shrubland expansion. This approach not only advances our understanding of agro-pastoral landscapes but also provides a framework for modeling similar systems worldwide, bridging gaps between ecological and socio-economic dimensions.

Modelling past and future wine production in the Portuguese Douro Valley

Alto Douro Wine Region — 2011 — WHECB325217FA

Climate change is projected to increase wine production in the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Alto Douro Wine Region, Portugal. A study published in 2011 found that future climate scenarios (A2 and B2) for 2071–2100 suggest higher yields due to warmer late spring and early summer conditions combined with reduced winter precipitation. Researchers developed robust linear regression models using climate variables—such as temperature, thermal amplitude, and precipitation—to predict wine production at key stages of the vine vegetative cycle (March and July). These models explained 90% of variance in mid-season predictions, highlighting climate's pivotal role. Notably, production increased between 1956–1985 and 1986–2006 due to shifting precipitation patterns, though CO₂ effects were not accounted for. The early-season model offers timely forecasts post-dormancy, while the mid-season model relies solely on meteorological data, underscoring climate's dominance in wine productivity.

Modelo de intervención social y ambiente: el caso de algunos barrios antiguos de Xochimilco / Social and Environmental Intervention Model: The Case of Certain Old Neighborhoods in Xochimilco

Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco — 2011 — WHE608AC15F02

A social and environmental intervention model, tested through surveys in two neighborhoods of Xochimilco between 2007 and 2008, revealed limited effectiveness in addressing pollution from garbage and sewage in the canals. The study found that despite efforts like the 'No More Garbage' program, contamination persisted due to irregular settlements in the chinampa zone. The research proposes an alternative approach centered on environmental education, emphasizing the link between socio-environmental problems and quality of life. This strategy aims to engage communities more effectively by framing pollution as a threat to their well-being, potentially leading to more sustainable solutions.

Modern and early Holocene mollusc fauna of the Ounianga lakes (northern Chad): implications for the palaeohydrology of the central Sahara

Lakes of Ounianga — 2011 — WHE8BE07FE4BD

A rich early Holocene mollusc fauna, including a new species (Gabbiella ouniangaensis), was discovered at the Ounianga lakes in northern Chad, suggesting these lakes were hydrologically isolated during that period. The modern mollusc community is impoverished and likely resulted from recent colonization events after the eradication of the early Holocene fauna due to high salinity or desiccation. The study analyzed fossil molluscs from diatomaceous limestone outcrops at Ounianga Serir, comparing them with other Saharan lake sites to infer past hydrological conditions in the central Sahara.

Modernism after Wagner

Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt — 2011 — WHE7BB740152A

Richard Wagner's influence on European modernism, particularly through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk (a comprehensive artwork), is explored in Juliet Koss’s 'Modernism after Wagner.' The study reveals that Wagner's ideas significantly shaped artistic practices and discourses among diverse figures, from renowned architect Peter Behrens to lesser-known critic Georg Fuchs, spanning approximately 40 years post-Wagner's death. Koss’s work analyzes a series of 'episodes' in German aesthetic discourse and practice, including the founding of the Darmstadt Artists’ Colony, early cinema, advertising, and the Bayreuth Festival, among others. While some chapters are previously published and strong, others, particularly those focusing on Wagner and Nietzsche, are weaker. The study provides valuable insights into how Wagner's legacy influenced various artistic movements, though its coherence as a whole is debated.

Molecular characterization of airborne fungi in caves of the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, China

Mogao Caves — 2011 — WHEC9C8B24BFB

A year-long study of the Mogao Grottoes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Dunhuang, China, revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations in airborne fungal communities. The research identified 11 dominant fungal genera, with Cladosporium being the most prevalent, followed by Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, and Aspergillus. Fungal abundance and diversity were strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and visitor activity. The study used molecular techniques—specifically ITS sequencing—to analyze samples collected monthly from four distinct cave environments (open, semi-open, closed, and entrance) between 2008 and 2009. Findings highlight the dynamic interplay between microclimate, human presence, and fungal ecology in this culturally significant but ecologically sensitive site.

Monasteries, Monasticism, and Patronage in Ancient India: Mawasa, a Recently Documented Hilltop Buddhist Complex in the Sanchi Area of Madhya Pradesh

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi — 2011 — WHE8B1EB6BF96

A recently documented hilltop Buddhist complex, Mawasa, located near the UNESCO World Heritage site of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh, India, offers significant insights into early Buddhist monasticism and architecture. The site, part of the Sanchi Survey Project, includes well-preserved structures such as a stūpa, an early Brahmi donative inscription, and platformed monasteries with detailed internal features, all dating to Phase II (c. 2nd - 1st century BC). These findings challenge existing chronologies and shed light on the nature of patronage during this formative period of Buddhist propagation. Additionally, an enigmatic structure at Mawasa may represent a hitherto unstudied early temple form, potentially redefining our understanding of temple architecture in ancient India.

Monitoring of the radio emission of the Crab Nebula pulsar at low frequencies

Jodrell Bank Observatory — 2011 — WHEC21169EF98

A strong correlation between scattering and dispersion measure variations was observed during the long-term monitoring of giant radio pulses from the Crab Nebula pulsar (PSR B0531+21) at low frequencies (44, 63, and 111 MHz). Three distinct increases in scattering were recorded between 2002 and 2010, with the scattering index γ deviating from expected values (γ = 4.0 for Gaussian and γ = 4.4 for Kolmogorov distributions) during these periods. This anomaly suggests the presence of dense plasma structures with developed Langmuir turbulence along the pulsar’s line of sight. The magnetic field in the Crab Nebula was estimated at 100 µG using rotation measure measurements. Observations were conducted using the LPA and DKR-1000 radio telescopes, with data analyzed via specialized software modeling pulse propagation.

Monzonitoid association of the Kavalerovo ore district (Primorye): geochronology and some genetic problems

Central Sikhote-Alin — 2011 — WHEB0B6FB63E3

A new geochronological framework for the monzonitoid rocks of the Kavalerovo ore district (Primorye, Russia) reveals that these intrusions formed between 113 and 98 million years ago, with volcanic facies extending this range to 115–95 Ma. This suggests a single magmatic complex origin, contradicting prior classifications that grouped these rocks as monzonitic or trachyandesite-monzonitic associations. Using amphibole and biotite K-Ar dating alongside Rb-Sr whole-rock and mineral analyses, researchers found no significant age differences between compositionally similar intrusions, implying shared genetic processes. The study also links the region's geodynamic evolution to the initiation of the Sikhote-Alin subduction volcanic belt, with key constraints at 90–92 Ma. Geochemical variations among intrusive bodies are attributed to melt evolution in intermediate or crystallization chambers.

Morphologically Uniform BatsHipposiderosaff.Ruber(Hipposideridae) Exhibit High Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity in Southeastern Senegal

Niokolo-Koba National Park — 2011 — WHE14944453E9

Research in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, reveals that two morphologically uniform bat species, Hipposideros aff. ruber, exhibit high mitochondrial genetic diversity despite their similar appearance. Phylogenetic analysis using cytochrome b gene sequences indicates a paraphyletic relationship between the two forms, with one forming a monophyletic group with bats from Benin. While slight morphological differences were detected through skull measurements, sympatric occurrence and genetic divergence suggest these forms may represent cryptic species. However, further investigation into nuclear gene flow is required to confirm reproductive isolation.

Morphology and taxonomy of a new species of Leptogorgia (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in Cocos Island National Park, Pacific Costa Rica

Cocos Island National Park — 2011 — WHE2DF731A776

A new species of shallow-water gorgonian coral, Leptogorgia tricorata, has been discovered at Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica. This species is distinguished by its unique branching pattern, small size, bright yellow coloration, elongated spindles (up to 0.2 mm), and the presence of tentacular rods. Found at depths of 14–22 meters on rocky islets, L. tricorata represents a rare addition to the shallow-water gorgoniid diversity in the region, with only three species currently documented in the area. The discovery was made through morphological and taxonomic analysis, comparing the new species with other Leptogorgia species reported from the eastern Pacific. This finding contributes to our understanding of marine biodiversity in Cocos Island National Park.

Morphometric analysis of aeolian bedforms in the Namib Sand Sea using ASTER data

Namib Sand Sea — 2011 — WHE69CDB32674

A morphometric analysis of aeolian bedforms in the Namib Sand Sea, leveraging the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), reveals that relationships between dune height, spacing, and equivalent sand thickness are broadly consistent with prior field-based studies. Despite the 30-meter spatial resolution of GDEM data, which underestimates dune height due to crest smoothing and omits smaller dunes, the study confirms established patterns while adding finer details. The research highlights the utility of GDEM for large-scale morphometric analysis, offering new insights into the dynamics of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mortuary Contexts and Social Structure at Nan Madol, Pohnpei

Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia — 2011 — WHEE92D330BC8

Archaeological research at Nan Madol, Pohnpei, reveals that mortuary practices reflect a stratified hierarchical social structure consistent with traditional histories. The study interprets burial contexts as indicators of ascribed status within a complex society, providing new insights into the organization and dynamics of Eastern Micronesian communities. By analyzing multiple lines of evidence, this work contributes to the understanding of mortuary traditions in Micronesia and establishes a baseline for future research on Pohnpeian burial practices.

Mountain Last Judgment and Rural Apocalypse: Patterns of Imagery

Wooden Churches of the Slovak part of the Carpathian Mountain Area — 2011 — WHED5F010DD3C

This study reveals that the Last Judgment iconography in the Carpathian Mountains and the illuminated Apocalypses of the Russian North represent unique cultural and religious expressions shaped by eschatological imagery. The research demonstrates that these traditions, while influenced by multiple cultural and religious sources, developed distinct characteristics that cannot be reduced to borrowed motifs. The study employs a comparative analysis of visual and textual sources from the 15th–19th centuries, tracing the evolution of Last Judgment themes in the Carpathians and the enduring eschatological beliefs among Old Believers in the Russian North. It highlights the significance of these visual materials as keys to understanding medieval religious culture, including political theology and popular demonology.

Movement, Gaming, and the Use of Space in the Forum

Timgad — 2011 — WHEF604D250E7

Carved game boards in Roman public spaces, particularly in the Forum Romanum and Timgad's forum, reveal how users strategically manipulated and redefined these areas through movement and visibility. The study distinguishes between games of skill and chance, analyzing their spatial distribution to highlight their connection with pedestrian traffic and social interaction. By comparing locations across two iconic fora, it underscores gaming as a dynamic element in the negotiation of public space, blending cultural interpretation with spatial analysis.

Multiculturalism, cosmopolitanism, and making heritage in Malaysia: a view from the historic cities of the Straits of Malacca

Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca — 2011 — WHEDF6F0EF5A3

Malaysia's heritage narrative, particularly for its UNESCO-listed historic cities of Melaka and George Town, reflects a strategic blend of multiculturalism, cosmopolitanism, and nationalism. The study reveals how the country's Vision 2020 policy leverages these values to promote modernization while preserving cultural diversity. By analyzing the inscription process in 2008, researchers demonstrate that heritage construction involves tangible and intangible elements from Malaysia's three major ethnic groups—Malays, Chinese, and Indians—reinforcing its 'Rainbow Nation' identity. The study highlights the collaborative agency of civil society, government officials, and international experts in mobilizing these values, illustrating a dynamic interplay between nationalism, multiculturalism, and global cosmopolitan ideals.